New research has revealed the genetic makeup of the earliest goat herds. The findings, assimilated from DNA taken from the remains of 32 goats that died some 10,000 years ago in the Zagros mountains, provide clues to how early agricultural practices shaped the evolution of these animals.
Archaeological evidence has previously pointed to the Zagros Mountains
of western Iran as providing the earliest evidence of goat management by
humans. Here at the site of Ganj Dareh, the bone remains indicate deliberate
slaughtering of male goats once they were fully grown.
In contrast, female goats were allowed to reach older ages, meaning
early goat-keepers maximised the number of breeding female animals, similar to
herders in the area today.
The close relationship between these early herders and goats can be
seen in the very foundations of the settlement, with several bricks bearing the
imprint of cloven goat hooves. However, their goats resembled the wild bezoar,
with a larger body size and scimitar horn shape.
The international collaboration of researchers behind the study
included individuals from Trinity College Dublin, the Smithsonian Institution,
the University of Copenhagen, the Centre national de la recherche scientifique
(CNRS) and Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN) of France, and the
National Museum of Iran.
Dr Kevin G Daly, Research Fellow in Trinity's School of Genetics and
Microbiology and first author of the paper, said: "Our study shows how
archaeology and genetics can address highly important questions by building off
ideas and results from both fields. Our genetic results point to the Zagros
region as being a major source of ancestry of domestic goats and that herded,
morphologically wild goats were genetically on the path to domestication by
about 10,200 years ago."
Links to modern goats
Genetic analyses enabled the researchers to determine that the ancient
goats fell at the very base of the domestic goat lineage, suggesting that they
were closely related to the animals first recruited during domestication.
A surprising find, however, was the discovery of a small number of
goats of the 32 whose genomes appeared more like their wild relatives - the
bezoar ibex. This strongly suggests these early goat herders continued to hunt
goats from wild herds.
Dr Daly added: "This first livestock keeping shaped the goats'
genomes. There were signs of reduced Y chromosome diversity - fewer males were
allowed to breed, leading to an increased tendency of relatives mating.
Surprisingly, the Zagros goat appeared to not have undergone a population
bottleneck often associated with domestication and lacked strong signals of
selection found in later domestic goats."
Dan Bradley, Professor of Population Genetics at Trinity, said:
"Ancient DNA continues to allow us to plumb the depths of ancient
prehistory and examine the origins of the world's first livestock herds. Over
10,000 years ago, early animal farmers were practising husbandry with a genetic
legacy that continues today."
The study has just been published in the Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences.
Source: Trinity College Dublin
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